Binary is a file that can be executed similar to windows .exe reside in /usr/bin or /usr/sbin and also applications.
Case Sensitive:
Linux File system is Case Sensitive ex: Desktop not desktop
Directory:
Directories == Folders in windows terms.
Home:
/home this are user home directory
Kali:
KaliLinux is A Distribution of Debian based Linux same as ubuntu. Personalized for Pen-testers and Red teaming.
Root:
root user is a supreme user used to preform Privileged task ex: changes users change passwords we access supreme user by switching to it su root or we use sudo
Most of the Tools in Kali works on root
Script:
Script is a series of commands runs in interpretive environment(Line by line)
helps to build automated Tools.
Shell:
shell is an environment and interpreter for the commands ex: of a shell bash other shells z shell
Terminal:
command line Interface CLI.
Shebang:
it is a line of code telling system to use specific interpreter.